Following its introduction in 2014 and with support of a broad international community, the open-source toolbox Lead-DBS has evolved into a comprehensive neuroimaging platform dedicated to localizing, reconstructing, and visualizing electrodes implanted in the human brain, in the context of deep brain stimulation (DBS) and epilepsy monitoring. Expanding clinical indications for DBS, increasing availability of related research tools, and a growing community of clinician-scientist researchers, however, have led to an ongoing need to maintain, update, and standardize the codebase of Lead-DBS. Major development efforts of the platform in recent years have now yielded an end-to-end solution for DBS-based neuroimaging analysis allowing comprehensive image preprocessing, lead localization, stimulation volume modeling, and statistical analysis within a single tool. The aim of the present manuscript is to introduce fundamental additions to the Lead-DBS pipeline including a deformation warpfield editor and novel algorithms for electrode localization. Furthermore, we introduce a total of three comprehensive tools to map DBS effects to local, tract- and brain network-levels. These updates are demonstrated using a single patient example (for subject-level analysis), as well as a retrospective cohort of 51 Parkinson's disease patients who underwent DBS of the subthalamic nucleus (for group-level analysis). Their applicability is further demonstrated by comparing the various methodological choices and the amount of explained variance in clinical outcomes across analysis streams. Finally, based on an increasing need to standardize folder and file naming specifications across research groups in neuroscience, we introduce the brain imaging data structure (BIDS) derivative standard for Lead-DBS. Thus, this multi-institutional collaborative effort represents an important stage in the evolution of a comprehensive, open-source pipeline for DBS imaging and connectomics.

自 2014 年推出以来，在广泛的国际社区的支持下，开源工具箱 Lead-DBS 已经发展成为一个综合性的神经影像学平台，致力于在大脑深部的背景下定位、重建和可视化植入人脑的电极刺激 (DBS) 和癫痫监测。然而，扩大 DBS 的临床适应症、增加相关研究工具的可用性以及不断壮大的临床科学家研究人员社区导致了维护、更新和标准化 Lead-DBS 代码库的持续需求。该平台近年来的主要开发工作现已为基于 DBS 的神经影像分析提供端到端解决方案，允许进行全面的图像预处理、导联定位、刺激体积建模、和统计分析在一个单一的工具中。本手稿的目的是介绍 Lead-DBS 管道的基本补充，包括变形扭曲场编辑器和用于电极定位的新算法。此外，我们总共介绍了三种综合工具，用于将 DBS 效应映射到局部、束和脑网络级别。这些更新使用单个患者示例（用于主题级别分析）以及 51 名接受底丘脑核 DBS 的帕金森氏病患者的回顾性队列（用于组级别分析）进行演示。通过比较各种方法学选择和跨分析流的临床结果解释方差的数量，进一步证明了它们的适用性。最后，基于神经科学研究小组对文件夹和文件命名规范标准化的日益增长的需求，我们引入了 Lead-DBS 的脑成像数据结构 (BIDS) 衍生标准。因此，这种多机构协作努力代表了 DBS 成像和连接组学的综合开源管道发展的重要阶段。