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Influence of the Norbornene Anchor Group in Ru-Mediated Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization: Synthesis of Linear Polymers
Macromolecules ( IF 5.1 ) Pub Date : 2023-05-23 , DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.3c00172
Samantha J. Scannelli 1, 2 , Anshul Paripati 1, 2 , Jeffrey R. Weaver 1, 2 , Clark Vu 1, 2 , Mohammed Alaboalirat 1, 2 , Diego Troya 1, 2 , John B. Matson 1, 2
Affiliation  

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) mediated by Grubbs’ first-generation catalyst [G1, (PCy3)2(Cl)2RuCHPh] and Grubbs’ third-generation catalyst [G3, (H2IMes)(Cl)2(pyr)2RuCHPh] can exhibit living characteristics for some monomer classes, most commonly substituted norbornenes. Here, we studied how various anchor groups, the series of atoms connecting the polymerizable norbornene unit to a functional group, affect livingness in ROMP in a series of small-molecule exo-norbornene monomers. We first designed and calculated the HOMO energy of 61 monomers using density functional theory methods, finding that these energies spanned a range of 25 kcal/mol. We then performed kinetics experiments using 1H NMR spectroscopy to measure the propagation rate constant (kp,obs) under identical conditions for eight selected monomers with different anchor groups across the range of HOMO energies. We observed a positive correlation between the HOMO energy or the HOMO/LUMO energy gap and measured kp,obs values for both catalysts, revealing a 30-fold and a 10-fold variation in kp,obs values across the series for G1 and G3, respectively. Interestingly, we observed a plateau for the three monomers with the highest HOMO energies for G3 catalyst, suggesting that above a certain level, the HOMO energy no longer influenced the rate-determining step under the conditions studied here. Chelation studies revealed that only one of the eight monomers showed measurable binding of electron-rich groups on the monomer to the catalyst, but with no apparent effect on kp. Finally, we utilized 1H NMR spectroscopy to measure the rate of catalyst decomposition in the presence of each monomer, a key termination pathway in ROMP. Ultimately, we determined that the anchor group did not substantially affect catalyst decomposition, a proxy for the termination rate constant (kt). In sum, these combined computational and experimental studies collectively demonstrate that livingness in ROMP of exo-norbornene monomers using G1 and G3 catalysts, as measured by relative kp/kt ratios, is primarily controlled by the kp of the anchor group, which is correlated with the HOMO energy.

中文翻译:

降冰片烯锚基团在钌介导的开环复分解聚合中的影响:线性聚合物的合成

Grubbs第一代催化剂[G1, (PCy 3 ) 2 (Cl) 2 RuCHPh]和Grubbs第三代催化剂[G3, (H 2 IMes)(Cl) 2 ( pyr) 2 RuCHPh] 可以展示一些单体类别的活性特征,最常见的是取代的降冰片烯。在这里,我们研究了各种锚定基团,将可聚合降冰片烯单元连接到官能团的一系列原子,如何影响一系列小分子外切 ROMP 中的活性-降冰片烯单体。我们首先使用密度泛函理论方法设计和计算了 61 个单体的 HOMO 能量,发现这些能量跨越 25 kcal/mol 的范围。然后,我们使用1 H NMR 光谱进行动力学实验,以测量相同条件下八种选定单体在 HOMO 能量范围内具有不同锚定基团的传播速率常数 ( kp ,obs )。我们观察到 HOMO 能量或 HOMO/LUMO 能隙之间存在正相关关系,并测量了两种催化剂的k p,obs值,揭示了k p,obs 的30 倍和 10 倍变化分别为 G1 和 G3 的系列值。有趣的是,我们观察到 G3 催化剂具有最高 HOMO 能量的三种单体的平台,这表明在一定水平以上,HOMO 能量不再影响这里研究的条件下的速率决定步骤。螯合研究表明,八种单体中只有一种表现出可测量的单体上富电子基团与催化剂的结合,但对k p没有明显影响。最后,我们利用1 H NMR 光谱测量在每种单体存在下的催化剂分解速率,这是 ROMP 中的关键终止途径。最终,我们确定锚定基团不会显着影响催化剂分解,这是终止速率常数的代表(kt 。总之,这些组合的计算和实验研究共同表明,使用 G1 和 G3 催化剂的降冰片烯单体在 ROMP 中的活性,通过相对k p / k t比率测量,主要由锚定基团的k p控制,这与HOMO能量相关。
更新日期:2023-05-23
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