Abstract. As an important source of sub-micrometer particles, atmospheric new particle formation (NPF) has been observed in various environments. However, most studies provide little more than snapshots of the NPF process due to their underlying observations being limited in space and time. To obtain statistically relevant evidence on NPF across various environments, we investigated the characteristics of NPF based on a five-year dataset of the German Ultrafine Aerosol Network (GUAN). The results were also compared with the observations in previous studies, aiming to depict a relatively complete picture of NPF in Central Europe. The highest NPF frequency was observed in regional background, with an average of about 20 %, followed by urban background (15 %), low mountain range (8 %) and high Alpine (3 %). The annual mean growth rate varied from 3.67 to 4.70 nm h⁻¹, while the formation rate from 0.43 to 2.89 cm⁻³ s⁻¹. The contribution of NPF on UFPs was about 13 %, 21 %, and 7 % for the urban background, regional background, and low mountain range, respectively. The influence of NPF on CCN number concentration and aerosol extinction coefficient for NPF days were the highest in mountainous area. These findings underscore the importance of the local environments when assessing the potential impact of NPF on regional climate in models, and also emphasize the usefulness of a long-term aerosol measurement network for understanding the variation of NPF features and their influencing factors over a regional scale.

中文翻译：

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测量报告：大气新粒子形成对超细粒子浓度、云凝核和辐射强迫的贡献：中欧五年观测结果

摘要。作为亚微米颗粒物的重要来源，大气新颗粒物形成（NPF）已在各种环境中被观察到。然而，大多数研究只提供了 NPF 过程的快照，因为它们的基本观察受到空间和时间的限制。为了获得各种环境中 NPF 的统计相关证据，我们根据德国超细气溶胶网络 (GUAN) 的五年数据集研究了 NPF 的特征。研究结果还与之前研究的观察结果进行了比较，旨在描绘出中欧国家NPF的相对完整的图景。NPF频率最高的是区域背景，平均约为20%，其次是城市背景（15%）、低山脉（8%）和高山背景（3%）。年平均生长速率从3.67到4.70 nm h ^-1变化，而形成速率从0.43到2.89 cm ^-3 s ^-1变化。对于城市背景、区域背景和低山区，NPF 对 UFP 的贡献分别约为 13%、21% 和 7%。NPF日数对CCN数浓度和气溶胶消光系数的影响在山区最高。这些发现强调了在模型中评估 NPF 对区域气候的潜在影响时当地环境的重要性，也强调了长期气溶胶测量网络对于了解 NPF 特征及其影响因素在区域范围内的变化的有用性。