Handwriting deficits, or dysgraphia, are present in several neurodevelopmental disorders. To investigate whether dysgraphia differs according to the associated disorder, we performed a detailed analysis of handwriting in children with developmental coordination disorders (DCD), reading disorder (RD), or comorbid RD and DCD. Handwriting deficits were investigated at the product (quality of the trace) and the process (movement that generates the trace) levels. Nineteen children with singular RD (among which eight with dysgraphia), 13 children with singular DCD (among which seven with dysgraphia), 16 children with comorbid RD+DCD (among which 11 with dysgraphia), and 20 typically developing children, age 7 to 12, performed the BHK (Brave Handwriting Kinder) test, a standardized assessment of handwriting, on a graphic tablet. Developmental coordination disorders primarily affected handwriting quality, while RD affected slowness and, to a lesser extent, quality. Children with RD, solely or comorbid with DCD, wasted time by lifting and stopping the pen when writing. The comorbidity added to but did not worsen, handwriting difficulties. These results reflect distinct motor impairments and/or strategies in children with DCD or RD. We identified subtypes of dysgraphia and advocated for a fine-grained analysis of the writing process and the assessment of motor and reading skills when studying dysgraphia.

中文翻译：

---

患有发育协调障碍和/或阅读障碍的儿童之间的书写困难有所不同

书写缺陷或书写困难存在于多种神经发育障碍中。为了调查书写困难是否因相关疾病而异，我们对患有发育协调障碍 (DCD)、阅读障碍 (RD) 或 RD 和 DCD 共病的儿童的笔迹进行了详细分析。在产品（痕迹的质量）和过程（生成痕迹的移动）级别上调查了手写缺陷。19 名患有单一 RD 的儿童（其中 8 名患有书写困难），13 名患有单一 DCD 的儿童（其中 7 名患有书写困难），16 名患有共病 RD+DCD 的儿童（其中 11 名患有书写困难），以及 20 名正常发育的儿童，年龄为 7 岁至12 月 12 日，在绘图板上进行了 BHK（Brave Handwriting Kinder）测试，这是一项标准化笔迹评估。发育协调障碍主要影响书写质量，而发育协调障碍则影响书写速度，并在较小程度上影响书写质量。患有 RD 的儿童，无论是单独患有还是患有 DCD，在书写时都会因举笔和停笔而浪费时间。这种合并症增加了书写困难，但并没有恶化。这些结果反映了患有 DCD 或 RD 的儿童明显的运动障碍和/或策略。我们确定了书写困难的亚型，并主张在研究书写困难时对写作过程进行细粒度分析以及对运动和阅读技能的评估。