Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of synthetic organic chemicals extensively used in consumer and industrial applications over the past decades. The current literature lacks a comprehensive review of the mechanisms and degradation pathways of long- and short-chain PFASs. The overall concentration of perfluorobutanoic acid in aquatic systems ranged from 1.15 to 6280 ng/L, while perfluorobutane sulfonic acid varied from 0.01 to 4520 ng/L. Prior to 2015, perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) concentrations in wastewater treatment facilities ranged from 92 to 66,000 ng/L, while levels decreased after 2015 (3–100 ng/L) as PFAS production decreased. This systematic literature review compiles the latest evidence of the mechanism and pathway degradation of emerging technologies, such as advanced oxidation processes, membrane separation, adsorption, and biological transformation of PFAS, which were reviewed comprehensively. Bibliometric assessment was performed using keyword-based search criteria, and network maps were created using VOS Viewer. Activated carbon showed >90 % elimination of long-chain PFAS. Nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes were observed to be effective for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid and PFOA removal, with rejection efficiencies of >99 % in aqueous matrices with different membrane materials. Pilot scale studies showed that granular activated carbon and biosolid-based biochar sorbed more than 80 % of long-chain PFAS and 19–27 % of short-chain PFAS. Short-chain precursors like fluorotelomers degrade 60–100 % more effectively with mixed microbial strain cultures. Two main challenges have been identified: (a) Operational complexity on a large scale and the transformation of toxic byproducts, and (b) Emerging technologies have certain removal effects on short-chain PFASs.

中文翻译：

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关于水和废水中全氟烷基物质和多氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 去除机制和途径的关键科学绘图方法：全面综述


全氟烷基物质 (PFAS) 是一组合成有机化学品，在过去几十年中广泛应用于消费和工业应用。目前的文献缺乏对长链和短链PFAS的机制和降解途径的全面综述。水生系统中全氟丁酸的总浓度范围为 1.15 至 6280 ng/L，而全氟丁磺酸的范围为 0.01 至 4520 ng/L。 2015 年之前，废水处理设施中的全氟辛酸 (PFOA) 浓度范围为 92 至 66,000 ng/L，而 2015 年之后，随着 PFAS 产量的减少，浓度有所下降（3-100 ng/L）。本系统文献综述汇集了PFAS高级氧化过程、膜分离、吸附和生物转化等新兴技术降解机理和途径的最新证据，并进行了全面综述。使用基于关键字的搜索标准进行文献计量评估，并使用 VOS Viewer 创建网络地图。活性炭对长链 PFAS 的消除率超过 90%。据观察，纳滤和反渗透膜可有效去除全氟辛烷磺酸和 PFOA，在使用不同膜材料的水基体中，截留效率 >99%。中试规模研究表明，颗粒活性炭和生物固体基生物炭吸附了超过 80% 的长链 PFAS 和 19-27% 的短链 PFAS。在混合微生物菌株培养物中，含氟调聚物等短链前体的降解效率提高了 60-100%。 已确定两个主要挑战：(a) 大规模操作的复杂性和有毒副产品的转化，以及 (b) 新兴技术对短链 PFAS 有一定的去除效果。