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Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter August 17, 2023

Environmental footprints and implications of converting GHG species to value-added chemicals: a review

  • Karolina Kula ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Jiří Jaromír Klemeš , Yee Van Fan , Petar Sabev Varbanov , Gajendra Kumar Gaurav and Radomir Jasiński

Abstract

This paper assesses various approaches that use captured greenhouse gases (GHG) as feedstocks for chemical synthesis. The analysis focuses mainly on the two most abundant anthropogenic GHG, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4), as well, their conversion technologies to obtain methanol (MeOH), formic acid (FA) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). These GHG conversions to chemicals technologies are compared with the conventional industrial methods based on fossil feedstocks. The essential information, such as the ranges of energy requirements, environmental footprint and economic production aspects, are summarised. According to the collected information and analysis, the conventional, non-GHG conversion methods are still more environmentally sustainable. Chemicals production technologies based on CO2, such as direct catalytic synthesis to obtain both MeOH and FA, as well as transesterification with MeOH to obtain DMC, are relatively good candidates for implementation on a large scale when a good source of co-reactants such as hydrogen, ethylene carbonate and urea will be provided. In turn, electrochemical methods to synthesise the target chemicals are less feasible due to energy consumption related to the concentration and purification stages of products being the main hotspots. Chemical synthesis based on captured CH4 is currently difficult to evaluate as too little information is available to draw a credible conclusion. However, it may be a trend in future. The limitations of GHG-based conversion for application are related to the capture and transport stages.


Corresponding author: Karolina Kula, Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory – SPIL, NETME Centre, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology – VUT Brno, Technická 2896/2, 616 69 Brno, Czech Republic; and Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31 155 Cracow, Poland, E-mail:
This paper is dedicated to the memory of the late Professor Jiří Jaromír Klemeš, who contributed to this manuscript. Sadly, he passed away before its submission. The authors would like to express their deep appreciation for his leadership and invaluable scientific contribution.

Funding source: Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory SPIL

Award Identifier / Grant number: CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000456

Abbreviations

CCU

carbon capture and utilisation

CF

carbon footprint

DMC

dimethyl carbonate

EC

ethylene carbonate

EI

environmental impact

el.

electrochemical process

EO

ethylene oxide

FA

formic acid

GHG

greenhouse gases

GWP

global warming potential

LCA

life cycle assessment

MeOH

methanol

ox.

oxidation process

red.

hydrogenation process

TEA

techno-economic assessment

TRL

technology readiness levels

WF

water footprint

  1. Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved the submission.

  2. Research funding: The research has been supported by the EU project Sustainable Process Integration Laboratory – SPIL, funded as project No. CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/15_003/0000456, the Operational Programme Research, Development and Education of the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth and Sports by EU European Structural and Investment Funds.

  3. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding this article.

  4. Data availability: The data presented in this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

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Supplementary Material

This article contains supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/revce-2023-0010).


Received: 2023-02-14
Accepted: 2023-08-03
Published Online: 2023-08-17
Published in Print: 2024-05-27

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